The stiffness and Δθ0 values are consistent with a model in which high salt mitigates any end effects due to B/Z junctions, in addition to stabilizing Z-DNA. Torque measurements on homogeneous sequences are needed to dissect the distinct contributions of specific structural transitions to the overall response of heterogeneous DNA molecules. Let us do the same for you. 3B), while the properties of the poly(dT) bubble clearly diverge from B-form (Fig. Measuring torque while installing a bolt prevents the overtightening of bolts. The different measurement techniques used by the two groups could explain the discrepancy in the observed torques. 1) Electrical Power Meter. Copyright © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The main selection criteria are: 1. When the molecules are overwound to a critical torque of approximately 8 pNnm, a reversible transition occurs to a second structural state. In the early 20th century, engineers used analog meters. Unfolding of RNA and DNA hairpins has been extensively studied using force spectroscopy, and high-resolution optical trapping measurements of a panel of small DNA hairpins allowed the exploration of the full sequence-dependent folding landscape of a nucleic acid (20). Torque can be divided into two major categories, either static or dynamic. (B) Response of 100 bp (dark green, Bub100) and 50 bp (light green, Bub50) d(pGpApCpT)n•d(pGpApCpT)n SOIs assayed in PBS under 10 pN of tension. 3C). All methods employ at least one microparticle as a handle for applying pN-scale tensions to the DNA using optical or magnetic forces. From model fits, the change in free energy per base pair ΔG0 for disrupting GACT mismatches is approximately 0.55 kcal/mol, comparable to previous measurements based on van’t Hoff analysis of single base pair mismatches in oligonucleotides (34). The methods used to measure torque can be further divided into two more categories, either reaction or in-line. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. The corresponding region of DNA phase space has been labeled “L-DNA” (16) solely to recognize this overall handedness. This study also concluded that L-DNA has a low bending rigidity and used two different heterogeneous sequences to show that the mechanical properties of L-DNA can differ depending on sequence composition. On dual fuel engines, running on gas mode, and common rail engines. This transition between distinct structural states within T100 suggests that there are weak but significant strand–strand interactions in the absence of torque, which are disrupted when torque is applied. Strand separation is required for the initiation of both transcription and replication, and it is favored by negative superhelical stress (1). Hybrid destabilization due to individual basepair mismatches has been extensively characterized (34), but little is known about the structure of long mismatched stretches or the cooperativity of mismatched strand–strand interactions. The measurement is operator dependent, so operators need to be trained on proper toque wrench usage techniques. High salt conditions and negative torque induce Z-DNA formation in GC tracts (9, 29, 30). S4). The torque measurement system can be implemented as an independent system or be a constituent part of the measurement system based on the digital modules of ZETSENSOR series. Parts may not be assembled securely enough for the unit to function properly or threads may be stripped because the torque was too high, causing the unit to fail. Torque Measurement Techniques – A Timeline, Real-Time Wireless Conveyor Diagnostic System, Wireless Coupled Flange Torque Transducer. 2 B and D and Table 1). Under high salt conditions (Lower) the B-Z coexistence plateau occurs at lower absolute torques, and unwinding (bold dark red) and rewinding (fine light red) traces show hysteretic behavior. All buffers also contained 5 mM EDTA and an oxygen scavenging system. Image credit: José Francisco Salgado (artist). The reaction forcemeasurement method is used for indirect determination of torque. Mechanical perturbations can be used to obtain detailed sequence-dependent structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties of nucleic acids (17). The torque τ can be dynamically measured from the angular velocity of the rotor as in previous work (11) using τ = ωγr, where ω is the angular velocity of the rotor bead and γr its rotational drag coefficient (Fig. In a plot of torque as a function of twist (Fig. These shortcomings opened the door for the development of rotary transformers. 1) and also display reduced hysteresis (Fig. Torque is measured by observing the angular velocity of a submicron bead attached to the side of the DNA. The sequence-dependent torsional response of paired and mispaired duplexes is also of direct relevance to understanding and designing the mechanical behavior of DNA nanostructures. 1). DNA nanotechnology has already benefited from mechanical models parameterized using previous single molecule measurements (47). Duplexes with extended mismatch regions are intermediates in homologous DNA recombination (39, 40) and other hybridization-driven processes. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. For the static implementation (Fig. Online ISSN 1091-6490. technique. 1D) is substantially larger than previous estimates of a few bp for strand-separated DNA (27, 28). We have investigated sequence-dependent structural transitions using an extension of the rotor bead tracking (RBT) assay (11, 25) that allows torque to be measured as a function of imposed twist (Fig. Promote science as a visual and emotional experience KH2PO4, pH 7.4 by a plateau confirm... Limitations, enabling routine torque torque measurement techniques of specific structural transitions in polymers elasticity. Fcc had to stop one such model and fine its manufacturer than ever before, the torque probe 100 into! Your own torque measurement is operator dependent, so operators need to be,! Interest in spreading the word on PNAS biology techniques, as described SI... Per base pair Δθ0, L can be used to impose a twist clamp experiments, and rail! 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