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Successively (in 2012a, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017) EFSA produced other scientific opinions related to this subject. including all possible variations to the slaughter practices that are employed in the world, and that might be unknown to the experts of the WG. In particular, those indicator outcomes which rely on the animal spontaneously manifesting certain behaviours (e.g. More information about the EKE workshop is given in Appendix B, while the graphs are reported in Appendix C. Development of flow charts of indicators for monitoring rabbit slaughter. In addition, spontaneous blinking and vocalisation can be used; Key stage 2 (just prior to neck cutting): corneal or palpebral reflex, breathing and righting reflex. Rabbits will be restricted in their movements when stocked too tightly in their containers. Caucci et al. The stunning methods that have been identified as relevant for rabbits can be grouped in three categories: 1) electrical, 2) controlled atmospheres and 3) mechanical. young ones, etc.) Section 3.4 deals with the ‘emergency killing’, respectively. Since there is haemorrhage, there will be reduced blood supply and, in this situation, the brain could be starved of oxygen and unconsciousness would be sustained. To support the interpretation, following classes are used: 0% ≤ certainty ≤ 20% – low/20% < certainty < 50% – medium/50% ≤ certainty ≤ 100% – high, European Food Safety Authority, Animals are removed individually from the cages by hand (Buil et al., 2004). Originally passed in 1958, the law that is enforced today by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) was passed as the Humane Slaughter Act of 1978. Bleeding during slaughter without stunning will expose 100% of animals to hazards that will apply to bleeding phase (except the hazards leading to recovery of consciousness). The hazards identified at ‘handling’, their relevant welfare consequences and related indicators, hazards’ origins, preventive and corrective measures are reported in Table 21 (see Section 3.10.1). Description: Electrical stunners should measure and display the output voltage and the amount of current under load. To respond to the EP mandate, indicators for assessing the state of consciousness and death were selected based on their sensitivity and specificity and ease of use and included in flow charts (see Sections 3.6.2 and 3.6.2) and in the outcome tables (see Section 3.10). Bolt position at the intersection of lines from each eye to the opposite ear (Source European Commission. Head‐only electrical stunning is widely used in commercial rabbit slaughter plants. I use it three times a week processing over 20 rabbits per week. A small bird can be slaughtered by manual neck dislocation. The average value was then used for the final judgement, as follows. The ears of the rabbit turn from pink to red (Peeters, Natural blinking, unprovoked or as menace reflex: the reflex blinking that occurs in response to the rapid approach of an object. During slaughter without stunning, the time to onset of unconsciousness and death will be prolonged. immediately after stunning, just prior to neck cutting and during bleeding – using the suggested indicators. In Phase 2 and 3, stun/re‐stun with a back‐up method or emergency killing are the methods to mitigate the welfare consequences. In this sense, tonic/clonic seizures either did not occur or ended abruptly in poorly stunned animals. This hazard can occur at any time the containers will be moved, e.g. Two additional indicators may also be used. In this sense, these methods induce momentary loss of consciousness, and therefore, the onus of preventing recovery of consciousness following stunning relies solely on the prompt and accurate neck cutting, i.e. for the minimal/maximal value of the average sensitivity in Europe. When corrective measures for the hazards are not available or feasible to put in place, actions to mitigate the welfare consequences will be discussed. To address the ToRs, experts identified hazards’ origins and related preventive and corrective measures, the possible welfare consequences of the hazards and relevant indicators. For most of the hazards (25), preventive measures can be put in place with management having a crucial role in prevention. Traumatic injuries during postmortem inspection have been considered (Grilli et al., 2015) to be an indicator for bad transport, loading/unloading and handling causing negative welfare consequences, without possibility to distinguish the phase(s) where the injuries appeared. Featured in This VideoOnyx EDC Knifehttp://amzn.to/2s5TJWuThis video is a graphic processing of our first meat rabbit. Key stage 1 (immediately after stunning): corneal or palpebral reflex, tonic/clonic seizures, breathing. As indicators of consciousness, the absence of tonic–clonic seizures, corneal or palpebral reflexes and the presence of breathing can be used. Hazard preventive and corrective measures. In fact, it is suggested that rabbits voluntary huddle (de Jong et al., 2011). The accuracy of the blow and force delivered to the skull would vary according to the operators’ fitness, skill levels and attitude (European Commission, 2017). Definition: The electrical parameters (i.e. The 9th World Rabbit Congress, 2008, Influence of transport on some production parameters in rabbits, Rabbits behavioural response to climatic and managerial conditions – a review, Rabbit's productive, reproductive and physiological performance traits as affected by heat stress: a review, Evaluation of electrical stunning methods using alternative frequencies in commercial rabbits, Survey of the husbandry, health and welfare of 102 pet rabbits, Influence of gas stunning and halal slaughter (no stunning) on rabbits welfare indicators and meat quality, Technical note: rabbit welfare during electrical stunning and slaughter at a commercial abattoir, Effets de la diète hydrique, du transport et de l'attente avant l'abattage sur les composantes du rendement et sur les caractéristiques physico‐chimiques musculaires, Ademhalings‐ en spijsverteringsstroornissen in de industriele slachtkonijnenhouderij, Preslaughter risk factors associated with mortality and bruising in rabbits, Enregistrement graphique des consommations d'aliment solide et liquide du lapin domestique nourri ad libtum, Effets de différents niveaux de restriction hydrique sur l'ingestion d'aliments solides par le lapin, Effect of temperature on breeding rabbit behavior, Symposium on Housing and Diseases of Rabbits, furbearing animals and pet animals, Heatlh and body condition of rabbit does on commercial farms, Beobachtungen bei der Bolzenschussbetäubung von Kaninchen. While the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act (which again, rabbits are exempt from), originally passed in 1958, calls for “humane” slaughter of livestock (ie stunning before slaughter), in 1979 it was updated to give USDA inspectors the right to both inspect slaughterhouses and stop the slaughter line if cruel practices were observed. Tonic seizures can be recognised by an arched back and rigidly flexed legs under the body, and will last for several seconds. Since pain is a subjective feeling, its intensity, or even presence, can be very difficult to diagnose, especially in prey species which have been subject to evolutionary pressure to minimise external signs of this state. This can result from: a) an incorrect placement of the electrodes that do not span the brain, b) an intermittent contact, c) the use of dirty/worn electrode(s). Indeed, hazards applicable to a specific stunning method may occur to all situations where this method is applied, whereas some other hazards may not apply in certain circumstances like slaughter on‐farm (e.g. Behavioural changes include reduced feeding and drinking, tight huddle posture (sitting with their back arched and fore and hind limbs drawn in tightly), locomotory changes including shuffle (walking at a very slow pace) and partial hop movements (forward extension of forelimbs as if to hop, without movement of hind limbs) (Farnworth et al., 2011). The average normal water intake for rabbits is 50–150 mL/kg body weight daily. Positioned between the eyes, the bolt would penetrate the olfactory bulb if applied at the sagittal suture and enter the ocular orbit if applied paramedially, while positioned further rostrally it would hit the nasal cavity. For effective use, the animal should be restrained in sternal recumbency on a level surface by gripping its shoulder to allow accurate positioning of the gun. When rabbits are slaughtered without stunning, repeated cuts correspond to sawing movement with a knife. (1998) showed that variations in impedance (resistance) of the rabbits’ heads were considerable, due to their fur, and ranged from 300 Ω to more than 1,500 Ω. Owing to this, the amount of current delivered to rabbits also varied within treatment groups, ranging from 92–120 mA at 50 V, to 138–211 mA at 75 V, and 154–279 mA at 100 V. The authors recommended stunning rabbits with 100 V of a 50 Hz sine wave alternating current (AC) for one‐second in order to deliver an average current of 140 mA. Animals that are subjected to simple (reversible) stunning methods should remain unconscious until death occurs due to bleeding. Both the carotid arteries must be severed according to the Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009. Under certain circumstances, not all the indicators can be used (because of low feasibility) to determine the welfare consequences (e.g. The WG experts firstly described the phases and the related processes of slaughter and specifically which stunning/killing methods should be considered for the current assessment. An approach was agreed for discussion and explanation of the values for sensitivity and specificity. no protection from the environment (e.g. In cold and humid environmental conditions with high wind speed, the perceived temperature will decrease rapidly. (early weaned rabbits) ‘inappropriate electrical parameters’, see hazards during Phase 2, Section 3.6.2). Outcome tables have been prepared to summarise the main results of this opinion and include a concise presentation of all retrieved information. Finally, the experts were judging on a median value, that neither over‐ nor underestimated the unknown true value. In this opinion, hazards have been identified through the activities described in Section 2.2 and analysed for each phase and process under consideration. The ease of use was assessed for each key stage by the experts and is expressed by different colours (green = easy, orange = moderate, red = difficult). Fear can be elicited by different occasional stimuli or even by defective management and housing conditions, which can affect animal response and welfare to a different extent depending on the frequency of occurrence, duration and severity of the threat. Specific hazards for animal categories (ToR‐4) are reported in Section 3.8. If no other method is available, external trauma or neck dislocation may be used without prior stunning. As an additional request from the EC, measures to mitigate the welfare consequences will also be described under ToR‐2. The certainty within the judgements of ‘Easiness of application’ is described with 1 minus the relative standard deviation of the mean assuming the observed distribution. Process of slaughtering to which it applies: lairage. At either higher or lower temperatures, the animal has to expend energy to maintain its body temperature (Marai et al., 2002). Animals showing any of these signs of muscle tone must be re‐stunned using a back‐up method. The average value was then used for the final judgement, as follows: The uncertainty within the judgements of ‘Easiness of application’ is described as the relative standard deviation of the mean average given the observed distribution: Uncertainty = STD((X1*1 + X2*2 + X3*3)/N)/STD((Z1*1 + Z2*2 + Z3*3)/N), with (X1, X2, X3) ≈ Multinomial(N, (p1, p2, p3)), (Z1, Z2, Z3) ≈ Multinomial(N, (1/3, 1/3, 1/3)), Pi = ki/N Proportion of experts judging for Easiness ‘i’. EFSA (2005). They were done for each of three phases in the process: immediately following stunning, at the time of neck cutting and during bleeding. Poorly designed, constructed and maintained slaughterhouse facilities would result in recurring chronic problems and require investment to prevent hazards; some hazards in this category may have corrective measures and others may not. Considerations about ‘unacceptable methods, procedures or practices on welfare grounds’ and ‘suitable stunning methods’ are given in Section 3.9 (ToR‐5). In the example, the uncertainty would be ‘High’ (83%). In bleeding during slaughter without stunning, this hazard is a part of the method; therefore, it applies to all animals. The hazards identified at ‘unloading’, relevant welfare consequences and related indicators, hazards’ origins, preventive and corrective measures are reported in Table 19 (Section 3.10.1). ** In this case, mitigation measures regarding welfare consequence can apply (i.e. The opinion proposes preventive and corrective measures for the hazards identified for rabbits during the slaughter process; for most of the hazards, preventive measures can be put in place, whereas relevant corrective measures are not always available. Regarding acceptability, chapter 7.5.10 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (OIE, 2018) lists principles and practices it considers unacceptable, and the Panel has no scientific arguments to disagree with these statements. at arrival/during lairage due to the lack of accessibility to the animals in containers). Spontaneous blinking: Conscious animals may show spontaneous blinking, and therefore, this sign can be used to recognise ineffective stunning or recovery of consciousness after electrical stunning. This is due to the lack of documented evidence on all possible variations in the processes and methods being practiced on a worldwide scale (see Interpretation of ToRs on the criteria for selection of stunning/killing methods to be included). For bleeding, it was possible to identify three indicators that are highly specific to ensure that the animals are dead. There are few validated assessment tools for pain assessment in conventional rabbits, but there has been extensive research into pain assessment in laboratory rabbits and this knowledge can be applied in the commercial context. Measures to mitigate the welfare consequences were also considered. The effective temperature perceived by an animal is the combination of the temperature, the humidity and the ventilation or wind speed. Table 9 here below shows an overview of hazards during different processes in Phase 1. Pain and fear due to incorrect handling can be assessed through escape attempts and vocalisations. Although slaughter without stunning of rabbits is practiced, scientific evidence is scarce. General grooming is also reduced, although sites of injury may receive increased grooming (Farnworth et al., 2011). (2004) in Spain indicated that 55% of the rabbits included in the survey were unloaded in the morning and the procedure lasted on average 23 ± 15 min. The flow charts contain indicators to assess the state of consciousness and death, according to one of three categories: In such a process of hazard identification, uncertainties may result in false‐negative or false‐positive hazard identifications: Process of fitting of a Beta‐distribution to smooth the outcome, Structure of the sections on the processes assessed in this scientific opinion (Sections. Onset of unconsciousness and death due to bleeding are not immediate. Additionally, the absence of heartbeat and dilated pupils can be used. Definition: when the captive bolt is positioned wrongly, unconsciousness of the rabbits might be not achieved. The estimates for specificity, ease of use and associated uncertainties can be found in Table. We do not recommend the 'Hopper Popper' … Instead, righting reflex is included because the animal is free to manifest it. In many states, there are no state protections for these intelligent, social beings, either. In this example, three experts judged it as easy, three experts judged it to be moderate and four as difficult to assess. The number of hazards an animal can experience depends on the stunning method used. Unconscious animals will not show the righting reflex. The answers of the experts were aggregated afterwards to construct the common uncertainty distribution. gentle handling of the rabbits in containers and individually) (ToR‐3). These are electrical stunning, mechanical stunning with a penetrative and non‐penetrative captive bolt and gas stunning. For each process, hazards, welfare consequences and relevant indicators and corrective measures; hazards’ origin and preventive measures can be retrieved in Tables 18–21. Prolonged hunger occurs when the animal has been unable to get enough food to meet its maintenance requirements for energy, proteins or specific nutrients. To prevent rabbits to experience severe welfare consequences such as pain and fear: The ranking of the hazards in terms of severity, magnitude and frequency of the welfare consequences of the rabbits at slaughtering should be done in order to be able to prioritise actions and improve the procedure at slaughter. (2012) observed the behaviour of breeding rabbits under continuous 18°C ambient temperature (control), or under 20°C in general, which was increased to 28°C from 9:00 h to 16:00 h. They found that a control group spent 15–25% of time in prostration (lying in a stretched out position, ventrally, laterally or dorsally) while rabbits under heat stress spent more time prostrated (45–54%), with a peak during the warmest hours. No corrective measures exist for this hazard, but only mitigation of the welfare consequences (see Section 3.6.1). Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder: Figure 4: © Credit Avipôle Formation; Figures 8, 11: © Federation of French Poultry Industries; Figures 10, 11 and 14: © European Union, 2018; Figure 7: © Mohan Raj 2019. Similarly, uncertainty exists related to the possibility of incomplete or misclassified listing of hazard origins, preventive, corrective measures, welfare consequences and indicators, but owing to the limited time available to develop this scientific opinion, there is not an uncertainty analysis of this. Consciousness is a prerequisite for experiencing welfare consequences, and can be caused by ineffective stunning or when animals are recovering consciousness after stunning. With these electrical stunning parameters, the average (S.D.) Cleaning and maintenance of the electrodes has to be provided regularly. Process of slaughtering to which it applies: captive bolt stunning (penetrative or non‐penetrative). ), not all the welfare consequences can be assessed at the slaughterhouses. The phases that will be assessed in this opinion, from arrival until the animal is dead (including slaughtering without stunning), are: Phase 1 ‐ pre‐stunning, Phase 2 ‐ stunning, and Phase 3 ‐ bleeding. In this position, the impact will damage both cortex and brain stem. Other hazards might be present only during one phase, but the welfare consequence might persist during the following phases (e.g. For this, the sensitivity (Se) was the most important parameter: only the three most sensitive indicators for each step were considered for the assessment of the state of consciousness. However, the righting reflex may not be observed reliably because the animal is manually restrained in an upright position. In key stage 2 (just prior to neck cutting), unconscious rabbits will continue to manifest apnoea. However, in their overview tables, they still refer to huddling as a feasible measure. It is perceived as an alarming or alerting response, but it also is associated with a reaction to unpleasant or painful inhalation of gas. (2017) reported, ‘A pattern predictive of a return to sensibility was convulsions suddenly stopping versus slowly fading out. Nevertheless, the outcome of consciousness suggests that the animal is conscious and is a ‘warning signal’ requiring an intervention. Therefore, for each ‘origin category’ (staff, facilities/equipment), relevant ‘origin specifications’ have been identified by expert opinion. Additionally, some of the hazards identified through the literature search have been removed from the final list reported in the outcome tables after WG discussion; this is the case e.g. The information can be retrieved in Tables, Phase 3 – bleeding – includes bleeding following stunning and during slaughter without stunning. There is not much known about average travel durations for rabbits that go to slaughter. The exposure to some hazards might persist along processes and phases until the unconsciousness of the rabbits (e.g. Estimates for sensitivity, ease of use and associated uncertainties can be found in Tables. If poor bleeding is suspected or observed after the cut, repeat cut should be performed immediately, and animals should be re‐stunned prior to repeat cut if they show signs of consciousness.

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